Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone. There are two major endogenous estrogens in females that have estrogenic hormonal activity: ESTRONE (E1) and ESTRADIOL (E2). It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. Estrogens are involved in many physiological functions (Figure 1). Imbalance in Estrogen metabolism Has been shown to result in many diseases and cancer.
Estrogen Associated Diseases and Disorders
🧬 1. Reproductive System
- Development of female secondary sexual characteristics: Breast development, pubic and armpit hair, and regulation of menstrual cycle.
- Menstrual cycle regulation: Estrogen levels fluctuate during the cycle, helping to control the growth of the uterine lining and triggering ovulation.
- Pregnancy support: Prepares the uterus and maintains the endometrial lining for embryo implantation and pregnancy.
- Vaginal health: Maintains thickness, elasticity, and lubrication of the vaginal lining.
🦴 2. Bone Health
- Promotes bone formation and inhibits bone resorption (breakdown).
- Maintains bone density; a drop in estrogen (e.g., after menopause) can lead to osteoporosis.
❤️ 3. Cardiovascular System
- Improves lipid profile: Increases HDL (“good” cholesterol), decreases LDL (“bad” cholesterol).
- Helps maintain vascular health by promoting vasodilation (relaxation of blood vessels) through nitric oxide.
🧠 4. Brain and Mood
Affects mood and cognitive function.
- Plays a role in serotonin production and receptor sensitivity.
- Low estrogen levels are associated with mood swings, irritability, and depression (e.g., PMS, menopause).
🌡️ 5. Thermoregulation
- Helps regulate body temperature. Estrogen fluctuations can contribute to hot flashes during menopause.
💧 6. Skin and Mucosa
- Maintains skin thickness, moisture, and elasticity.
- Supports wound healing and collagen production.
💪 7. Muscle Mass and Strength
Helps preserve muscle mass, especially in women during the reproductive years.
🩸 8. Liver Function and Coagulation
- Influences the synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting.
- Affects how the liver processes cholesterol and other substances.